Chronic hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) remain major global health burdens due to high morbidity, treatment costs, and the emergence of antiviral resistance. Plant-derived compounds offer a potential alternative or complementary therapeutic approach. This study evaluated the antiviral effects of Azadirachta indica (neem) and Moringa oleifera (drumstick tree) leaf extracts on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from HBV- and HCV-infected patients. To determine and compare the phytochemical profiles of A. indica and M. oleifera leaf extracts and assess their antiviral activity through induction of apoptosis and necrosis in virus-infected PBMCs. Leaf extracts were subjected to phytochemical screening. PBMCs isolated from HBV- and HCV-infected patients were treated with each extract and analyzed by flow cytometry to quantify live, apoptotic, and necrotic cell populations. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA with significance set at P < 0.05. Phytochemical analysis revealed that A. indica contained flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, and steroids, whereas M. oleifera contained flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins but lacked glycosides and saponins. In HBV-infected PBMCs, A. indica significantly reduced live cell percentages from 24.3% to 11.35% and increased necrotic cells from 18.98% to 55.43%. In HCV samples, live cells decreased from 40.27% to 37.78%, while necrosis increased from 21.35% to 30.1%. M. oleifera demonstrated comparatively moderate effects consistent with its simpler phytochemical profile. A. indica exhibited strong antiviral potential, markedly enhancing necrotic responses in HBV- and HCV-infected PBMCs, while M. oleifera showed moderate activity. These results highlight the therapeutic promise of phytochemical-rich extracts, particularly A. indica. Further investigations-including in-vivo validation, dosage formulation, cost-effectiveness assessments, and evaluation of synergistic effects with existing antiviral therapies-are warranted to advance their development as complementary treatments for chronic viral hepatitis.

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is an aggressive malignancy that has become one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. Remarkably, phytochemical-based nanoformulations have demonstrated great potential in combating cancer progression. Therefore, the objective of this scoping review is to analyze the most recent advances in the application of nanoformulated phytochemicals against PC. This scoping review included English-language articles published between 2018 and 2025 that reported advances in the development of phytochemical-based nanoformulations and their therapeutic evaluation in PC biological models. On the contrary, nanoformulation studies focused on cancers other than PC were excluded, as were those based solely on computational analyses or addressing a phytochemical or a nanoplatform without combining both into a nanoformulation. Different types of scientific communication, such as reviews, book chapters, commentaries, and news, were not considered. The literature searches were conducted across 6 databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed. In this work, 26 eligible studies with preclinical data encompassing more than 20 distinct nanotechnological platforms were reviewed. Most of the conclusions from these investigations were drawn from cell proliferation assays, primarily involving the PC cell lines PANC-1, MIA PaCa-2, and HPAF-II. A smaller subset of investigations supplemented these findings with data from xenograft PC models treated with phytochemical-loaded nanoformulations. Among the phytochemicals most frequently incorporated into the nanoformulations were paclitaxel, curcumin, lawsone, and sulforaphane. Phytochemical-containing nanoformulations hold considerable promise as innovative therapeutic alternatives for PC. However, many available studies present notable limitations, such as the use of preclinical models with limited translatability to humans and a lack of a standardized method for preparing nanoformulations. Therefore, further investigations are required to clarify the therapeutic efficacy, safety profile, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and overall clinical potential of these nanotechnology-driven approaches.

The genus (Asteraceae/Compositae) comprises 24 species worldwide and has long been utilized in traditional medicine for clearing heat, detoxification, relieving intestinal colic, and treating rheumatoid arthritis, neurasthenia, kidney deficiency, lumbago, and gastrointestinal disorders. Modern pharmacological studies have revealed its diverse bioactivities, including antihypertensive, hypolipidemic, immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, antitumor, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory and anti-influenza effects. However, a comprehensive systematic review integrating its traditional uses, phytochemical metabolites and pharmacological activities is still lacking, which hinders its further development and rational utilization. This study aims to fill the existing research gap by systematically collating and summarizing the traditional medicinal applications, phytochemical compositions, and proven pharmacological activities of species, thereby laying a solid theoretical foundation for the subsequent development, utilization, and in-depth research of this genus. This review aims to systematically summarize the traditional applications, phytochemical profiles, and pharmacological activities of species, provide a theoretical basis for their future development and utilization, and highlight the necessity of further investigations into this valuable genus. This study was primarily conducted through comprehensive literature search and screening. The retrieval sources included ethnobotanical textbooks, peer-reviewed journals, and scientific databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Scifinder, and Google Scholar. The search terms encompassed the genus , its representative species (e.g., ). Literature screening was based solely on relevance to the focus of the review, with the past 4 decades. species have a centuries-old history of folk medicinal use, with different ethnic groups utilizing various medicinal parts to treat diverse diseases. A total of 217 metabolites have been isolated and identified from Rhaponticum, covering steroids, flavonoids, sesquiterpenoids, thiophenes, triterpenoids, and other classes. Consistent with traditional uses, modern pharmacological studies have confirmed their antihypertensive, hypolipidemic, antitumor, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, and anti-influenza activities. Despite 24 documented species, research has predominantly focused on a limited number of Asian species. The material basis, mechanism of action, and therapeutic efficacy of many species remain unclear, and systematic studies on the bioactive metabolites, pharmacological effects, and toxicological profiles of understudied species are insufficient. Given its traditional medicinal value and proven pharmacological activities, further investigations into understudied species, clarification of the molecular mechanisms of core bioactivities, and supplementation of toxicological data are warranted. This review systematically collates the traditional applications, phytochemical compositions, and modern pharmacological value of , providing a valuable reference for its further development and rational utilization.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health challenge driven by persistent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and increasing drug resistance. Phytochemicals represent a structurally diverse and underexplored chemical space for anti-TB drug discovery, yet systematic prioritization strategies integrating machine learning and structure-based validation are limited. A curated phenotypic anti-TB dataset of 425,180 compounds was used to train ensemble ExtraTrees models based on ECFP4 fingerprints and physicochemical descriptors. The models achieved strong predictive performance (ROC-AUC up to 0.983; MCC up to 0.871). SHAP analysis enabled mechanistic interpretation by identifying the key molecular descriptors and fingerprint features driving anti-TB activity predictions. The validated ensemble was applied to screen 4707 phytochemicals, yielding 3209 predicted actives, of which 778 satisfied applicability domain criteria. High-confidence candidates were subsequently evaluated by molecular docking against twelve structurally validated essential M. tuberculosis targets spanning cell wall biosynthesis, energy metabolism, nucleotide synthesis, and cofactor pathways. Docking analysis identified 486 phytochemicals with favorable predicted binding affinities, including 193 compounds exhibiting multi-target engagement. Several top-ranked candidates reproduced canonical interaction patterns of co-crystallized inhibitors, supporting mechanistic plausibility. This integrated chemoinformatics and structure-based framework enables robust prioritization of phytochemicals with biologically meaningful and multi-target antitubercular potential. The study provides a computationally grounded strategy for accelerating lead identification against drug-resistant TB.

Medicinal plants remain central to global healthcare systems, particularly in countries such as India, which is recognized for its rich diversity of therapeutic botanicals. The genus Barleria, belonging to the family Acanthaceae, comprises over 300 species and represents the third largest genus within the family. Among these, Barleria prionitis Linn., Barleria cristata Linn, and Barleria lupulina Lindl are extensively studied due to their diverse phytochemical profiles and notable medicinal potential. This structured review synthesizes literature published between 1990 and 2025 on the medicinal relevance of the selected Barleria species. A comprehensive search was conducted using major scientific databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Keywords such as "phytochemistry," "traditional uses," and "pharmacological activities" guided article selection, focusing on peer-reviewed studies addressing phytochemical composition and biological activities. Phytochemical investigations reveal that these species are rich in terpenoids, iridoid glycosides, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and essential oils. These bioactive constituents demonstrate broad pharmacological properties, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antifungal, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, cardioprotective, and anticancer effects. The diverse phytochemical spectrum underpins the wide-ranging therapeutic activities of these plants, validating their traditional uses and supporting their relevance in contemporary pharmacological research. The review highlights the ethnopharmacological importance of Barleria species and underscores their promise as sources for novel drug development, providing a foundation for future scientific and pharmaceutical exploration.

Plants are basically biosynthetic factories that contain various pathways that produce phytochemicals with the help of different parts of the cell while specialized cells or tissues hoard and use them as needed. Human population has used this to their advantage for centuries. Aims: This review article aims to provide a comprehensive guide to qualitative phytochemical tests, focusing on their principles, procedures, and interpretation of results. Scope of Review:  This review covers qualitative tests for major phytochemical groups, including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and phenols. Methodology: Various qualitative tests are compiled and described, detailing the chemical principles underpinning each test and the expected outcomes for the identification of phytochemicals. Summary of Findings: Qualitative phytochemical tests are highlighted for their simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and accessibility, making them valuable tools, particularly in resource-limited settings. These tests provide baseline information on phytochemical profiles and serve as initial screening tools that can lead to more detailed studies. Conclusion: While advanced analytical techniques exist, qualitative methods remain essential for initial phytochemical screening due to their practical advantages. This review emphasizes the importance of these classical techniques in both research and practical applications.

Gold and silver nanoparticles are nanoparticles that have been widely used in various fields and have shown good benefits. The method of nanoparticle biosynthesis utilizing plant extracts, also known as green synthesis, has become a promising method considering the advantages it has compared to other synthesis methods. This review aims to give an overview of the phytochemical compounds in plants used in the synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles, the nanoparticle properties produced using plant extracts based on the concentration and structure of phytochemical compounds, and their applications. Phytochemical compounds play an important role as reducing agents and stabilizers in the stages of the synthesis of nanoparticles. Polyphenol compounds, reducing sugars, and proteins are the main phytochemical compounds that are responsible for the synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles. The concentration of phytochemical compounds affects the physical properties, stability, and activity of nanoparticles. This is important to know to be able to overcome limitations in controlling the physical properties of the nanoparticles produced. Based on structure, the phytochemical compounds that have ortho-substituted hydroxyl result in a smaller size and well-defined shape, which can lead to greater activity and stability. Furthermore, the optimal condition of the biosynthesis process is required to gain a successful reaction that includes setting the metal ion concentration, temperature, reaction time, and pH.

Simple Summary Breast cancer is a concern for the healthcare system. Even with the advancement of science and technology, the current system for therapeutics and diagnostics seems to have numerous pitfalls. Phytochemical-mediated nanocarriers come into the picture to outrange the drawbacks of the conventional breast cancer management method. Phytochemicals have been a useful tool since time immemorial, and developing a sophisticated fusion of these chemicals with nanocarrier enhanced its effectiveness. This ensures targeted, time-controlled drug delivery. This article emphasizes the development of phytochemical-based nanocarriers corresponding to breast cancer. Moreover, the article presents the unhighlighted parts of the therapeutical industry to help patients. Enhancing patients’ quality of life would uplift the healthcare system. Abstract As the world’s most prevalent cancer, breast cancer imposes a significant societal health burden and is among the leading causes of cancer death in women worldwide. Despite the notable improvements in survival in countries with early detection programs, combined with different modes of treatment to eradicate invasive disease, the current chemotherapy regimen faces significant challenges associated with chemotherapy-induced side effects and the development of drug resistance. Therefore, serious concerns regarding current chemotherapeutics are pressuring researchers to develop alternative therapeutics with better efficacy and safety. Due to their extremely biocompatible nature and efficient destruction of cancer cells via numerous mechanisms, phytochemicals have emerged as one of the attractive alternative therapies for chemotherapeutics to treat breast cancer. Additionally, phytofabricated nanocarriers, whether used alone or in conjunction with other loaded phytotherapeutics or chemotherapeutics, showed promising results in treating breast cancer. In the current review, we emphasize the anticancer activity of phytochemical-instigated nanocarriers and phytochemical-loaded nanocarriers against breast cancer both in vitro and in vivo. Since diverse mechanisms are implicated in the anticancer activity of phytochemicals, a strong emphasis is placed on the anticancer pathways underlying their action. Furthermore, we discuss the selective targeted delivery of phytofabricated nanocarriers to cancer cells and consider research gaps, recent developments, and the druggability of phytoceuticals. Combining phytochemical and chemotherapeutic agents with nanotechnology might have far-reaching impacts in the future.

Compilation, curation, digitization and exploration of the phytochemical space of Indian medicinal plants can expedite ongoing efforts toward natural product and traditional knowledge based drug discovery. To this end, we present IMPPAT 2.0, an enhanced and expanded database, compiling manually curated information on 4010 Indian medicinal plants, 17967 phytochemicals, 1095 therapeutic uses and 1133 traditional Indian medicinal formulations. Notably, IMPPAT 2.0 compiles associations at the level of plant parts, and provides a FAIR compliant non-redundant in silico stereo-aware library of 17967 phytochemicals from Indian medicinal plants. The phytochemical library has been annotated with several useful properties to enable easier exploration of the chemical space. We also filtered a subset of 1335 drug-like phytochemicals of which majority have no similarity to existing approved drugs. Using cheminformatics, we have characterized the molecular complexity and molecular scaffold based structural diversity of the phytochemical space of Indian medicinal plants, and performed a comparative analysis with other chemical libraries. Altogether, IMPPAT is the largest phytochemical atlas of Indian medicinal plants which is accessible at: https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/.

Ethnobotany and Medicinal Plants of Indian SubcontinentAdvances in Plant & Microbial BiotechnologyAntimicrobial Properties of Some Nigerian Medicinal PlantsFingerprinting Analysis and Quality Control Methods of Herbal MedicinesFundamentals of Phytochemical AnalysisThe Honey Apple and its phytochemical analysisPhytochemical Analysis and Evaluation of Anticancer and Antimalarial Properties of Four Medicinal PlantsAn Ethnobotanical, Pharmacological, and Phytochemical Analysis of Achillea Millefolium L. by PartsPhytochemical Analysis and Bioactivity of Selected South African Medicinal Plants on Clinical Isolates of Helicobacter PyloriPhytochemical analysis of avocado seeds (Persea americana Mill., c.v. Hass)Phytochemical Analysis of Jatropha Gossypifolia LinnAn Experimental Text Book on Phytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of Mentha PiperitaPhytochemicalsPhytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of Piper Capensis L.fPhytochemistryPhytochemistry of Medicinal PlantsIndian Herbal MedicinesIsolation and Structural Elucidation of Novel Anti-Infective Naphthylisoquinoline Alkaloids from Ancistrocladus Ealaensis, and Phytochemical Analysis of Two Congolese Medicinal PlantsPhytochemical Analysis of Ficus Platyphylla Del-Holl (Moraceae)Natural Oral Care in Dental TherapyComputational PhytochemistryPhytochemical Screening, Elemental Analysis and Antibacterial Investigation of Rhoicissus TomentosaPhytochemical Analysis of Adenium Obesum Stem-BarkPhytochemical Analysis and Biological Activity Studies of an Eastern Cape Medicinal Plant, Strychnos HenningsiiPhytochemical Analysis of Some Sudanese Medicinal PlantsNatural Compounds as Antimicrobial AgentsPhytochemical Analysis of Maerua PseudopetalosaPhytochemical Analysis of Some Medicinal Plants Used Against Dysentery by the Tribals of South ChhotanagpurPhytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial ActivityHerbals of AsiaPhytochemical TechniquesAnalysis of Phytochemical in a Malaysian Medicinal Plant and the Bioavailability of Dietary HydroxycinnamatesAntifungal Evaluation and Phytochemical Analysis of Selected Medicinal Plants Used in the Treatment of Fungal Diseases Associated with HIV Infection in the Eastern Cape Province, South AfricaPhytochemistry of Ashtavarga-Rare Anti-Aging Medicinal PlantsNeutraceutical, Phytochemical characterization and Antibacterial activity of Medicinal plant Moringa OleiferaEthnomedicinal Plants with Therapeutic PropertiesPhytochemical analysis of fruit extracts of Baccaurea courtallensis and evaluation of cholesterol lowering propertyBiotechnological Advances, Phytochemical Analysis and Ethnomedical Implications of Sapindus speciesBiological and Phytochemical Analysis of Chungtia Medicinal Plants of Nagaland, IndiaStudies on the Antioxidant Activity of Indigofera Hochstetteri Baker