Chronic hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) remain major global health burdens due to high morbidity, treatment costs, and the emergence of antiviral resistance. Plant-derived compounds offer a potential alternative or complementary therapeutic approach. This study evaluated the antiviral effects of Azadirachta indica (neem) and Moringa oleifera (drumstick tree) leaf extracts on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from HBV- and HCV-infected patients. To determine and compare the phytochemical profiles of A. indica and M. oleifera leaf extracts and assess their antiviral activity through induction of apoptosis and necrosis in virus-infected PBMCs. Leaf extracts were subjected to phytochemical screening. PBMCs isolated from HBV- and HCV-infected patients were treated with each extract and analyzed by flow cytometry to quantify live, apoptotic, and necrotic cell populations. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA with significance set at P < 0.05. Phytochemical analysis revealed that A. indica contained flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, and steroids, whereas M. oleifera contained flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins but lacked glycosides and saponins. In HBV-infected PBMCs, A. indica significantly reduced live cell percentages from 24.3% to 11.35% and increased necrotic cells from 18.98% to 55.43%. In HCV samples, live cells decreased from 40.27% to 37.78%, while necrosis increased from 21.35% to 30.1%. M. oleifera demonstrated comparatively moderate effects consistent with its simpler phytochemical profile. A. indica exhibited strong antiviral potential, markedly enhancing necrotic responses in HBV- and HCV-infected PBMCs, while M. oleifera showed moderate activity. These results highlight the therapeutic promise of phytochemical-rich extracts, particularly A. indica. Further investigations-including in-vivo validation, dosage formulation, cost-effectiveness assessments, and evaluation of synergistic effects with existing antiviral therapies-are warranted to advance their development as complementary treatments for chronic viral hepatitis.

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is an aggressive malignancy that has become one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. Remarkably, phytochemical-based nanoformulations have demonstrated great potential in combating cancer progression. Therefore, the objective of this scoping review is to analyze the most recent advances in the application of nanoformulated phytochemicals against PC. This scoping review included English-language articles published between 2018 and 2025 that reported advances in the development of phytochemical-based nanoformulations and their therapeutic evaluation in PC biological models. On the contrary, nanoformulation studies focused on cancers other than PC were excluded, as were those based solely on computational analyses or addressing a phytochemical or a nanoplatform without combining both into a nanoformulation. Different types of scientific communication, such as reviews, book chapters, commentaries, and news, were not considered. The literature searches were conducted across 6 databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed. In this work, 26 eligible studies with preclinical data encompassing more than 20 distinct nanotechnological platforms were reviewed. Most of the conclusions from these investigations were drawn from cell proliferation assays, primarily involving the PC cell lines PANC-1, MIA PaCa-2, and HPAF-II. A smaller subset of investigations supplemented these findings with data from xenograft PC models treated with phytochemical-loaded nanoformulations. Among the phytochemicals most frequently incorporated into the nanoformulations were paclitaxel, curcumin, lawsone, and sulforaphane. Phytochemical-containing nanoformulations hold considerable promise as innovative therapeutic alternatives for PC. However, many available studies present notable limitations, such as the use of preclinical models with limited translatability to humans and a lack of a standardized method for preparing nanoformulations. Therefore, further investigations are required to clarify the therapeutic efficacy, safety profile, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and overall clinical potential of these nanotechnology-driven approaches.

Nature remains a prolific source of therapeutically valuable compounds; however, the potential of many herbal bioactives remains underexploited due to inadequate formulation strategies. Challenges such as poor aqueous solubility, limited bioavailability, and instability have created significant barriers to the successful development of phytochemical-based medicines. In recent years, pharmaceutical co-crystallization has surfaced as a promising method to address these issues by altering the physicochemical, mechanical, and biopharmaceutical characteristics of phytoconstituents while preserving their pharmacological efficacy. This review highlights recent advancements and innovative approaches in co-crystallization for enhancing the solubility, stability, and therapeutic performance of herbal molecules. It also discusses the current status of phytochemical co-crystals, their potential as coformers, and the key challenges in their development. The article also addresses the recent progress in phytochemical co-crystal screening-encompassing conceptual, in silico, and thermal methods-which have expedited the discovery of appropriate coformers and refined crystallization conditions. Furthermore, the paper underscores the need for standardized regulatory frameworks to facilitate the transition of phytochemical co-crystals from laboratory research to clinically approved therapeutic products. Future progress in co-crystal design and scalable manufacturing is expected to yield novel patentable technologies, strengthening the industrial and commercial potential of this emerging field.

Gold and silver nanoparticles are nanoparticles that have been widely used in various fields and have shown good benefits. The method of nanoparticle biosynthesis utilizing plant extracts, also known as green synthesis, has become a promising method considering the advantages it has compared to other synthesis methods. This review aims to give an overview of the phytochemical compounds in plants used in the synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles, the nanoparticle properties produced using plant extracts based on the concentration and structure of phytochemical compounds, and their applications. Phytochemical compounds play an important role as reducing agents and stabilizers in the stages of the synthesis of nanoparticles. Polyphenol compounds, reducing sugars, and proteins are the main phytochemical compounds that are responsible for the synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles. The concentration of phytochemical compounds affects the physical properties, stability, and activity of nanoparticles. This is important to know to be able to overcome limitations in controlling the physical properties of the nanoparticles produced. Based on structure, the phytochemical compounds that have ortho-substituted hydroxyl result in a smaller size and well-defined shape, which can lead to greater activity and stability. Furthermore, the optimal condition of the biosynthesis process is required to gain a successful reaction that includes setting the metal ion concentration, temperature, reaction time, and pH.

Simple Summary Breast cancer is a concern for the healthcare system. Even with the advancement of science and technology, the current system for therapeutics and diagnostics seems to have numerous pitfalls. Phytochemical-mediated nanocarriers come into the picture to outrange the drawbacks of the conventional breast cancer management method. Phytochemicals have been a useful tool since time immemorial, and developing a sophisticated fusion of these chemicals with nanocarrier enhanced its effectiveness. This ensures targeted, time-controlled drug delivery. This article emphasizes the development of phytochemical-based nanocarriers corresponding to breast cancer. Moreover, the article presents the unhighlighted parts of the therapeutical industry to help patients. Enhancing patients’ quality of life would uplift the healthcare system. Abstract As the world’s most prevalent cancer, breast cancer imposes a significant societal health burden and is among the leading causes of cancer death in women worldwide. Despite the notable improvements in survival in countries with early detection programs, combined with different modes of treatment to eradicate invasive disease, the current chemotherapy regimen faces significant challenges associated with chemotherapy-induced side effects and the development of drug resistance. Therefore, serious concerns regarding current chemotherapeutics are pressuring researchers to develop alternative therapeutics with better efficacy and safety. Due to their extremely biocompatible nature and efficient destruction of cancer cells via numerous mechanisms, phytochemicals have emerged as one of the attractive alternative therapies for chemotherapeutics to treat breast cancer. Additionally, phytofabricated nanocarriers, whether used alone or in conjunction with other loaded phytotherapeutics or chemotherapeutics, showed promising results in treating breast cancer. In the current review, we emphasize the anticancer activity of phytochemical-instigated nanocarriers and phytochemical-loaded nanocarriers against breast cancer both in vitro and in vivo. Since diverse mechanisms are implicated in the anticancer activity of phytochemicals, a strong emphasis is placed on the anticancer pathways underlying their action. Furthermore, we discuss the selective targeted delivery of phytofabricated nanocarriers to cancer cells and consider research gaps, recent developments, and the druggability of phytoceuticals. Combining phytochemical and chemotherapeutic agents with nanotechnology might have far-reaching impacts in the future.

Background The emergence and spread of resistant microbes continue to be a major public health concern. Effective treatment alternatives, particularly from traditionally used medicinal plants, are needed. Objective The main objective of this study was to conduct phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity evaluation of selected traditionally used medicinal plants in Ethiopia. Methods The ethnomedicinal use value frequency index (FI) was used to select twelve medicinal plants. Phytochemical classes of compounds were screened using different standard methods. Anti-microbial activities of plant extracts were evaluated against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were measured using the broth micro-dilution method. The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0 and the findings were presented descriptively and using non parametric one-way ANOVA analysis (Kruskal–Wallis/Ddunn’s test). Results The phytochemical constituents identified were flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, phenols, saponins, steroids, and terpenoids, with flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenols being the most abundant. The crude extracts and chloroform fractions of the extracts showed an activity against the tested strains. The crude extract of Thalictrum rhynchocarpum Quart.-Dill. and A.Rich root demonstrated superior activity against all the tested strains with the lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations of 0.48 μg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli; 0.98 μg/mL against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa; and 3.90 μg/mL against Candida albicans, which are even better than the reference drug, gentamicin and clotrimazole. Conclusion The majority of evaluated medicinal plants demonstrated remarkable activity against tested microbial strains, which can be attributed to the presence of secondary metabolites of different classes of compounds. The finding provided scientific evidence for the use of these traditionally used medicinal plants.

Compilation, curation, digitization and exploration of the phytochemical space of Indian medicinal plants can expedite ongoing efforts toward natural product and traditional knowledge based drug discovery. To this end, we present IMPPAT 2.0, an enhanced and expanded database, compiling manually curated information on 4010 Indian medicinal plants, 17967 phytochemicals, 1095 therapeutic uses and 1133 traditional Indian medicinal formulations. Notably, IMPPAT 2.0 compiles associations at the level of plant parts, and provides a FAIR compliant non-redundant in silico stereo-aware library of 17967 phytochemicals from Indian medicinal plants. The phytochemical library has been annotated with several useful properties to enable easier exploration of the chemical space. We also filtered a subset of 1335 drug-like phytochemicals of which majority have no similarity to existing approved drugs. Using cheminformatics, we have characterized the molecular complexity and molecular scaffold based structural diversity of the phytochemical space of Indian medicinal plants, and performed a comparative analysis with other chemical libraries. Altogether, IMPPAT is the largest phytochemical atlas of Indian medicinal plants which is accessible at: https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/.

Ethnobotany and Medicinal Plants of Indian SubcontinentAdvances in Plant & Microbial BiotechnologyAntimicrobial Properties of Some Nigerian Medicinal PlantsFingerprinting Analysis and Quality Control Methods of Herbal MedicinesFundamentals of Phytochemical AnalysisThe Honey Apple and its phytochemical analysisPhytochemical Analysis and Evaluation of Anticancer and Antimalarial Properties of Four Medicinal PlantsAn Ethnobotanical, Pharmacological, and Phytochemical Analysis of Achillea Millefolium L. by PartsPhytochemical Analysis and Bioactivity of Selected South African Medicinal Plants on Clinical Isolates of Helicobacter PyloriPhytochemical analysis of avocado seeds (Persea americana Mill., c.v. Hass)Phytochemical Analysis of Jatropha Gossypifolia LinnAn Experimental Text Book on Phytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of Mentha PiperitaPhytochemicalsPhytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of Piper Capensis L.fPhytochemistryPhytochemistry of Medicinal PlantsIndian Herbal MedicinesIsolation and Structural Elucidation of Novel Anti-Infective Naphthylisoquinoline Alkaloids from Ancistrocladus Ealaensis, and Phytochemical Analysis of Two Congolese Medicinal PlantsPhytochemical Analysis of Ficus Platyphylla Del-Holl (Moraceae)Natural Oral Care in Dental TherapyComputational PhytochemistryPhytochemical Screening, Elemental Analysis and Antibacterial Investigation of Rhoicissus TomentosaPhytochemical Analysis of Adenium Obesum Stem-BarkPhytochemical Analysis and Biological Activity Studies of an Eastern Cape Medicinal Plant, Strychnos HenningsiiPhytochemical Analysis of Some Sudanese Medicinal PlantsNatural Compounds as Antimicrobial AgentsPhytochemical Analysis of Maerua PseudopetalosaPhytochemical Analysis of Some Medicinal Plants Used Against Dysentery by the Tribals of South ChhotanagpurPhytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial ActivityHerbals of AsiaPhytochemical TechniquesAnalysis of Phytochemical in a Malaysian Medicinal Plant and the Bioavailability of Dietary HydroxycinnamatesAntifungal Evaluation and Phytochemical Analysis of Selected Medicinal Plants Used in the Treatment of Fungal Diseases Associated with HIV Infection in the Eastern Cape Province, South AfricaPhytochemistry of Ashtavarga-Rare Anti-Aging Medicinal PlantsNeutraceutical, Phytochemical characterization and Antibacterial activity of Medicinal plant Moringa OleiferaEthnomedicinal Plants with Therapeutic PropertiesPhytochemical analysis of fruit extracts of Baccaurea courtallensis and evaluation of cholesterol lowering propertyBiotechnological Advances, Phytochemical Analysis and Ethnomedical Implications of Sapindus speciesBiological and Phytochemical Analysis of Chungtia Medicinal Plants of Nagaland, IndiaStudies on the Antioxidant Activity of Indigofera Hochstetteri Baker

Psidium guajava (L.) belongs to the Myrtaceae family and it is an important fruit in tropical areas like India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and South America. The leaves of the guava plant have been studied for their health benefits which are attributed to their plethora of phytochemicals, such as quercetin, avicularin, apigenin, guaijaverin, kaempferol, hyperin, myricetin, gallic acid, catechin, epicatechin, chlorogenic acid, epigallocatechin gallate, and caffeic acid. Extracts from guava leaves (GLs) have been studied for their biological activities, including anticancer, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antidiarrheal, antimicrobial, lipid-lowering, and hepatoprotection activities. In the present review, we comprehensively present the nutritional profile and phytochemical profile of GLs. Further, various bioactivities of the GL extracts are also discussed critically. Considering the phytochemical profile and beneficial effects of GLs, they can potentially be used as an ingredient in the development of functional foods and pharmaceuticals. More detailed clinical trials need to be conducted to establish the efficacy of the GL extracts.

Presently, there are no approved drugs or vaccines to treat COVID-19 which has spread to over 200 countries and is responsible for over 3,65,000 deaths worldwide. Recent studies have shown that two human proteases, TMPRSS2 and cathepsin L, play a key role in host cell entry of SARS-CoV-2. Importantly, inhibitors of these proteases were shown to block SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, we perform virtual screening of 14010 phytochemicals produced by Indian medicinal plants to identify natural product inhibitors of TMPRSS2 and cathepsin L. We built a homology model of TMPRSS2 as an experimentally determined structure is not available. AutoDock Vina was used to perform molecular docking of phytochemicals against TMPRSS2 model structure and cathepsin L crystal structure. Potential phytochemical inhibitors were filtered by comparing their docked binding energies with those of known inhibitors of TMPRSS2 and cathepsin L. Further, the ligand binding site residues and non-covalent protein-ligand interactions were used as an additional filter to identify phytochemical inhibitors that either bind to or form interactions with residues important for the specificity of the target proteases. We have identified 96 inhibitors of TMPRSS2 and 9 inhibitors of cathepsin L among phytochemicals of Indian medicinal plants. The top inhibitors of TMPRSS2 are Edgeworoside C, Adlumidine and Qingdainone, and of cathepsin L is Ararobinol. Interestingly, several herbal sources of identified phytochemical inhibitors have antiviral or anti-inflammatory use in traditional medicine. Further in vitro and in vivo testing is needed before clinical trials of the promising phytochemical inhibitors identified here.