This study preliminarily investigated how seed priming with kinetin (K), polyethylene glycol (PEG), iron sulphate (FeSO), and water (W) can modulate phytochemical accumulation, antioxidant capacity, and antibacterial activity of across vegetative and flowering growth stages. was selected due to its reported nutritional and medicinal importance. Methanolic leaf extracts were analysed using standard phytochemical, antioxidant, and antibacterial assays. Multivariate analysis revealed that both priming treatment and growth stage significantly influenced phytochemical accumulation (p< 0.001). Phytochemical levels were generally higher at the flowering stage. FeSO priming consistently produced the greatest phytochemical accumulation, increasing flavonoids (70%), phenolics (42-50%), and tannins (~40%) relative to the control at flowering. This enhancement may be attributed to priming-induced stress signalling, which stimulates secondary metabolite biosynthesis. FeSO and PEG treatments showed 20-30% greater radical scavenging activity. Significant positive correlations were observed between priming treatments and phytochemical accumulation. A treatment-dependent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus was observed, with PEG-primed plants showing the strongest activity (MIC 0.14 mg/mL, MBC 1.18 mg/mL), followed by FeSO (MIC 0.16 mg/mL, MBC 1.25 mg/mL), whereas no activity was observed against . The lack of activity against may be associated with its Gram-negative cell wall structure and intrinsic resistance mechanisms. No antibacterial activity was observed at the vegetative stage. Overall, extracts from the flowering stage exhibited greater bioactivity than those from the vegetative stage. These findings demonstrate that seed priming and plant developmental stage are key determinants of phytochemical accumulation and bioactivity. This highlights seed priming as a strategy to enhance the pharmacological potential through optimised cultivation and harvest management.

The growing interest in plant-based therapeutics has led to increased exploration of medicinal flora for their nutritional and pharmacological potential. The objective of this study was to determine the nutritional composition, phytochemical profile, and antioxidant activity of Cotoneaster microphyllus from Shimla, Himachal Pradesh. The proximate analysis revealed high levels of ash and fat in the leaves, while high fiber levels in the fruits. According to mineral profiling, leaves showed an abundance of Mg, Ca, Na, and Zn, while fruits indicated predominant presence of P and K. Phytochemical extractions were performed using hydromethanol, methanol, and aqueous solvents, with hydromethanol extract exhibiting the highest phytochemical content and antioxidant activity, followed by methanol and aqueous extracts. DPPH and FRAP antioxidant assays confirmed that C. microphyllus scavenges free radicals and reducing antioxidant potential effectively. Based on GC-MS and LC-MS analyses, cyclosiloxanes and phthalate ester compounds were identified via GC-MS and 50 unique compounds were identified via LC-MS, reported for the first time in Cotoneaster. UHPLC was also used to quantify chlorogenic acid, with fruit extracts showing the highest concentration. In this study, we provide a novel insight into the phytochemical composition and bioactive potential of C. microphyllus. There is a significant lack of systematic biochemical and functional evaluation of this species, so this study represents the first comprehensive integration of nutrition profiling, multi-solvent phytochemical quantification, and advanced characterization (GC-MS, LC-MS, and UHPLC) of different plant parts. These findings provide new insight into phytochemical composition of C. microphyllus and point to its potential as a source of bioactive chemicals with potential pharmacological and nutraceutical applications, which need for more biological validation.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive and lifethreatening condition with rising global prevalence, posing major financial and clinical burdens on healthcare systems. Conventional therapies slow disease progression but do not offer a cure. This review aims to explore the therapeutic potential of phytochemicals derived from medicinal plants in the prevention and management of CKD. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar up to June 2025, using keywords and MeSH terms related to "chronic kidney disease," "phytochemicals," "medicinal plants," "herbal medicine," and "nephroprotection." Preclinical (in vitro and in vivo) and clinical studies reporting nephroprotective effects of phytochemicals through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, or anti-fibrotic mechanisms were included, while unrelated studies, case reports, conference abstracts, and articles lacking renal outcomes were excluded. Data were synthesized narratively to highlight plant species, bioactive constituents, mechanisms of action, and translational potential. Numerous plant-derived compounds, including curcumin, quercetin, rutin, allicin, and resveratrol, have shown the ability to attenuate oxidative stress, modulate inflammatory responses, and prevent kidney fibrosis in various experimental models of CKD. Several herbs, such as Curcuma longa, Lespedeza bicolor, Astragalus membranaceus, and Abelmoschus manihot, have shown promising results in both in vitro and in vivo studies, and some have advanced to human clinical trials with favorable safety profiles. The compiled findings support the potential of phytochemicals as complementary therapies for CKD. However, challenges such as standardization, bioavailability, dosage optimization, and long-term safety need to be addressed. Integrating phytomedicine with conventional treatment may offer synergistic benefits, but requires further clinical validation. Plant-based phytochemicals offer promising nephroprotective effects and may serve as effective adjunctive therapies in CKD management. Further research, including welldesigned clinical trials, is essential to establish their therapeutic efficacy and safety.

Natural compounds have been a part of traditional medicine for generations, and recent studies are now recognizing their potential to influence the immune system in cancer treatment. This review focuses on how specific plant-derived chemicals can modulate immune checkpoints such as PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4, which play a central role in cancer immunotherapy, mainly in preclinical and early translational studies. Compounds including curcumin, isothiocyanates, apigenin, luteolin, and berberine demonstrate mechanisms that inhibit immune evasion, are associated with enhanced cytotoxic T-cell responses, and modulate the tumor microenvironment, primarily in the in vitro and in vivo models. Several other phytochemicals such as anthocyanins, triptolide, and epigallocatechin gallate, have shown promise in preclinical models by disrupting oncogenic signaling pathways and promoting antitumor immunity. Although many of these agents face challenges such as low bioavailability, advances in drug delivery systems, and synergistic combinations with current therapies offer a compelling direction for potential cancer treatments. Understanding the molecular interactions of these natural agents can provide hypothesis generation and novel insights into potential effective and less toxic immunotherapeutic approaches. This comprehensive review further provides a thorough understanding of phytochemicals' translational and mechanistic relevance, highlights knowledge gaps, and guides future research directions that could improve integrative cancer immunotherapy techniques, noting that most of the available evidences are derived from preclinical studies. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Accumulating evidence suggests that phytochemicals modulate immune responses within the tumor microenvironment. These compounds have diverse mechanisms, ranging from cytokine modulation to effects on macrophages, T-cells, and pathways such as STAT3, NF-κB, and PD-L1. This review clarifies how phytochemicals influence immunotherapy outcomes and how they might be used more deliberately in cancer care. Unlike prior reviews, this work explicitly classifies phytochemicals according to whether they enhance antitumor immunity, suppress immune activation, or exert context-dependent dual effects relevant to immune checkpoint therapy.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a multifactorial metabolic disorder characterized by excessive hepatic lipid accumulation, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and chronic inflammation. Its pathogenesis spans interconnected metabolic, inflammatory, and fibrotic pathways, limiting the efficacy of single-target therapeutic approaches. Metformin (MET), a first-line antidiabetic agent, improves hepatic lipid metabolism primarily through AMPK activation and enhanced fatty acid oxidation; however, its therapeutic impact on inflammatory and redox pathways remains limited, and its use is frequently associated with gastrointestinal adverse effects. In this context, phytochemicals-diverse plant-derived bioactive compounds with pleiotropic metabolic and antioxidant properties-have emerged as promising adjuncts to MET to achieve broader pathway coverage. For the first time, this comprehensive review evaluates preclinical in vivo evidence on metformin-phytochemical combination therapy in in vivo models of MASLD, with a specific focus on its mechanistic and therapeutic advantages over monotherapy. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Only original preclinical in vivo studies evaluating the combination of metformin with an isolated phytochemical in animal models of MASLD were included. Data were extracted on compound identity, dosing regimens, experimental models, and metabolic, inflammatory, and signaling outcomes. Across eligible studies, metformin-phytochemical combinations consistently demonstrated superior efficacy compared with monotherapy in reducing hepatic steatosis, oxidative stress, and inflammatory mediators. Combinations involving berberine, chlorogenic acid, genistein, malvidin, morin, silymarin, and p-coumaric acid were associated with improved energy metabolism and fatty acid β-oxidation, alongside suppression of lipogenesis and fibrotic signaling. Additional benefits reported across studies included modulation of adipose tissue metabolism, enhancement of autophagy-related pathways, and favorable effects on gut-liver axis signaling, depending on the phytochemical class and experimental context. Overall, the preclinical in vivo evidence indicates that metformin-phytochemical cotherapy provides a multipathway modulatory framework integrating metabolic, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic effects. These findings support the translational potential of this combination strategy; however, well-designed clinical studies are required to assess pharmacokinetic compatibility, optimize dosing ratios, and determine its relevance in human MASLD.

Osteomyelitis is a complex inflammatory bone disease characterised by infection, immune dysregulation, and progressive bone destruction, for which effective targeted therapeutic options remain limited. This study aimed to identify potential therapeutic phytochemicals and candidate biomarkers associated with osteomyelitis using in-silico approaches. Ten medicinal plants were selected, yielding 1038 phytochemicals, refined to 782 unique compounds; 300 bioactive phytochemicals (30 per plant) were chosen for further analysis. SwissADME screening showed that ferulic acid, quercetin, kaempferol, caffeic acid, gallic acid, and vanillic acid have good pharmacokinetics and high GI absorption, while rutin showed poor oral suitability (3 Lipinski violations; bioavailability 0.17). Osteomyelitis-associated genes were retrieved from GeneCards, DisGeNET, OMIM, and CTD, yielding 1074 unique disease-related genes. Among these, IL1R1 and IL1RN were present in all four databases, while LPIN2 and PSTPIP2 were present in three databases. Protein-protein interaction analysis of 19 overlapping genes generated a network comprising 19 nodes and 35 edges, with an average node degree of 3.68, an average local clustering coefficient of 0.608, and a significant enrichment p-value of 1.97 × 10⁻⁶. Hub gene analysis highlighted IL1B, IL1R1, RELA, SRC, and PIK3R1 as major regulatory genes. Molecular docking against IL1B, IL1R1, RELA, SRC, and PIK3R1 demonstrated strong binding affinities for several phytochemicals, with ursolic acid showing the strongest overall interaction, particularly against SRC (-10.1 kcal/mol), followed by rutin (-9.9 kcal/mol) and oleanolic acid (-9.8 kcal/mol). These findings suggest that selected phytochemicals, particularly ursolic acid and oleanolic acid, may be promising multi-target therapeutic candidates, while IL1R1, IL1RN, LPIN2, and PSTPIP2 may serve as candidate biomarkers and therapeutic targets for osteomyelitis.

Plants are basically biosynthetic factories that contain various pathways that produce phytochemicals with the help of different parts of the cell while specialized cells or tissues hoard and use them as needed. Human population has used this to their advantage for centuries. Aims: This review article aims to provide a comprehensive guide to qualitative phytochemical tests, focusing on their principles, procedures, and interpretation of results. Scope of Review:  This review covers qualitative tests for major phytochemical groups, including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and phenols. Methodology: Various qualitative tests are compiled and described, detailing the chemical principles underpinning each test and the expected outcomes for the identification of phytochemicals. Summary of Findings: Qualitative phytochemical tests are highlighted for their simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and accessibility, making them valuable tools, particularly in resource-limited settings. These tests provide baseline information on phytochemical profiles and serve as initial screening tools that can lead to more detailed studies. Conclusion: While advanced analytical techniques exist, qualitative methods remain essential for initial phytochemical screening due to their practical advantages. This review emphasizes the importance of these classical techniques in both research and practical applications.

Gold and silver nanoparticles are nanoparticles that have been widely used in various fields and have shown good benefits. The method of nanoparticle biosynthesis utilizing plant extracts, also known as green synthesis, has become a promising method considering the advantages it has compared to other synthesis methods. This review aims to give an overview of the phytochemical compounds in plants used in the synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles, the nanoparticle properties produced using plant extracts based on the concentration and structure of phytochemical compounds, and their applications. Phytochemical compounds play an important role as reducing agents and stabilizers in the stages of the synthesis of nanoparticles. Polyphenol compounds, reducing sugars, and proteins are the main phytochemical compounds that are responsible for the synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles. The concentration of phytochemical compounds affects the physical properties, stability, and activity of nanoparticles. This is important to know to be able to overcome limitations in controlling the physical properties of the nanoparticles produced. Based on structure, the phytochemical compounds that have ortho-substituted hydroxyl result in a smaller size and well-defined shape, which can lead to greater activity and stability. Furthermore, the optimal condition of the biosynthesis process is required to gain a successful reaction that includes setting the metal ion concentration, temperature, reaction time, and pH.

Simple Summary Breast cancer is a concern for the healthcare system. Even with the advancement of science and technology, the current system for therapeutics and diagnostics seems to have numerous pitfalls. Phytochemical-mediated nanocarriers come into the picture to outrange the drawbacks of the conventional breast cancer management method. Phytochemicals have been a useful tool since time immemorial, and developing a sophisticated fusion of these chemicals with nanocarrier enhanced its effectiveness. This ensures targeted, time-controlled drug delivery. This article emphasizes the development of phytochemical-based nanocarriers corresponding to breast cancer. Moreover, the article presents the unhighlighted parts of the therapeutical industry to help patients. Enhancing patients’ quality of life would uplift the healthcare system. Abstract As the world’s most prevalent cancer, breast cancer imposes a significant societal health burden and is among the leading causes of cancer death in women worldwide. Despite the notable improvements in survival in countries with early detection programs, combined with different modes of treatment to eradicate invasive disease, the current chemotherapy regimen faces significant challenges associated with chemotherapy-induced side effects and the development of drug resistance. Therefore, serious concerns regarding current chemotherapeutics are pressuring researchers to develop alternative therapeutics with better efficacy and safety. Due to their extremely biocompatible nature and efficient destruction of cancer cells via numerous mechanisms, phytochemicals have emerged as one of the attractive alternative therapies for chemotherapeutics to treat breast cancer. Additionally, phytofabricated nanocarriers, whether used alone or in conjunction with other loaded phytotherapeutics or chemotherapeutics, showed promising results in treating breast cancer. In the current review, we emphasize the anticancer activity of phytochemical-instigated nanocarriers and phytochemical-loaded nanocarriers against breast cancer both in vitro and in vivo. Since diverse mechanisms are implicated in the anticancer activity of phytochemicals, a strong emphasis is placed on the anticancer pathways underlying their action. Furthermore, we discuss the selective targeted delivery of phytofabricated nanocarriers to cancer cells and consider research gaps, recent developments, and the druggability of phytoceuticals. Combining phytochemical and chemotherapeutic agents with nanotechnology might have far-reaching impacts in the future.

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