Phenotypic plasticity provides organisms with immediate resilience to environmental variability, yet its evolutionary trajectories and long-term role in adaptation under climate change remain unresolved. The invasive ascidian Herdmania momus, originating from the Red Sea and expanding into the rapidly warming and environmentally variable Mediterranean Sea, provides an ideal natural model for examining how gene expression plasticity evolves under accelerating climate change. By comparing gene expression plasticity of H. momus derived from native and invasive populations under temperature stress, we investigated the evolutionary trajectories of gene expression plasticity during the early stages of biological invasion. Our results reveal widespread transcriptional shifts and pronounced regional differences in plastic responses, indicating that gene expression plasticity can evolve rapidly following recent colonisation. Invasive Mediterranean populations exhibited reduced plasticity under both heat and cold stress. Genes associated with energy metabolism displayed consistent upregulation in both native and invasive ranges, underscoring their conserved role in thermal adaptation. Reaction norm analyses revealed that front-loading, characterised by elevated baseline expression but reduced plasticity, was the predominant pattern in Mediterranean populations, followed by high plasticity, dampening and amplifying responses. Notably, front-loading was enriched in genes involved in cellular stress responses, Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein (SREBP) signalling and protein ubiquitination, suggesting that the evolution of plasticity should be function-dependent during rapid colonisation of changing climates. These findings shed light on the role of phenotypic plasticity in shaping adaptive evolution during biological invasions and in the broader context of climate change.

is an ecologically and economically important tree species native to the Sahel region of West Africa, facing severe threats due to overexploitation, habitat degradation, and climate change. This study assesses the impact of key climatic variables on the species' current distribution and projects potential range shifts across Africa under mid-21st century climate scenarios. Using an ensemble modeling approach that combines various algorithms and utilizes 37 comprehensive climatic variables, the analysis revealed significant patterns of highly suitable habitat, concentrated primarily in West Africa. Projections under low and medium emission scenarios for 2040-2060 and 2080-2100 periods predict a reduction in climatically unsuitable areas and a potential expansion of suitable habitats, suggesting that the species may be somewhat resilient to medium-term climate changes. The primary climatic factors limiting the species' distribution were identified as the Mean Temperature of the Driest Quarter and the Climatic Moisture Index. These results underscore the species' ecophysiological dependence on specific temperature and moisture regimes. Crucially, while our projections suggest the species exhibits resilience and potential habitat expansion under medium-term climate change, its realization is contingent upon mitigating persistent anthropogenic pressures. Therefore, to ensure the species' long-term persistence and maintain the ecological integrity of the West African Savanna Biome, conservation strategies must prioritize aggressive, in situ actions focused on sustainable management, controlled harvesting, and the protection of current and future suitable habitats, rather than focusing solely on long-term climate change adaptation measures.

Occupational heat stress is an escalating global health concern, particularly for outdoor workers exposed to rising temperatures due to climate change. This narrative review synthesizes evidence from 42 peer-reviewed articles and 13 policy documents published between 2014 and 2025, focusing on the health impacts, determinants, and adaptation strategies for outdoor workers. The review identifies a high prevalence of heat-related illnesses-including heat exhaustion, dehydration, kidney disorders, and productivity loss-across sectors such as agriculture, construction, and informal labour. Key vulnerability factors include individual health status, environmental conditions, and inadequate workplace policies. Adaptation strategies found to be most acceptable and effective include improved hydration, loose breathable clothing, scheduled rest breaks in shaded areas, and modification of work practices. Policy case studies from California, India, Qatar, and Europe highlight the importance of context-specific regulations, enforcement, and community outreach in reducing heat-related morbidity and mortality. However, significant gaps remain in the implementation of adaptive measures, especially for informal and vulnerable worker populations. The review underscores the urgent need for integrated, gender-sensitive, and enforceable adaptation strategies, alongside further research to strengthen resilience among outdoor workers facing increasing heat stress due to climate change.

Global change and the associated increase in temperature raise serious concerns for the conservation of Antarctic marine biodiversity, which is particularly vulnerable due to the stenothermal nature and highly specialized adaptations of its fauna. Trematomus bernacchii (commonly named emerald rockcod), a Southern Ocean-endemic benthic fish, serves as a valuable model organism for investigating the molecular and physiological impacts of climate change in polar ecosystems. Transposable elements (TEs) are of particular interest, as they are known to become activated under stress and to influence genome plasticity and gene regulation. In this study, we examined the transcriptional response of TEs and their silencing mechanisms in the gills and liver of T. bernacchii specimens exposed to thermal stress (+ 1 °C and + 3 °C compared to a 0 °C control) for 5 and 15 days. Our results showed that temperature increase triggered a transient activation of TEs, followed by the upregulation of silencing-related genes, including members of the Argonaute family, heterochromatin-associated factors, and components of the NuRD complex. Tissue-specific patterns were observed: the liver exhibited a rapid balance between TE activation and silencing, indicating a coordinated and resilient response, while the gills showed a sustained upregulation of both TEs and silencing genes, likely due to their greater sensitivity to environmental changes. These findings highlighted a complex, dynamic interplay between TEs and their regulatory systems under heat stress, offering new insights into early adaptive responses and potential resilience mechanisms in a cold-adapted species facing climate-induced biodiversity loss.

The resilience of electric power grids is threatened by natural hazards. Climate-related hazards are becoming more frequent and intense due to climate change. Statistical analyses clearly demonstrate a rise in the number of incidents (power failures) and their consequences in recent years. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to understand and quantify the resilience of the infrastructure to external stressors, which is essential for developing efficient climate change adaptation strategies. To accomplish this, robust fragility and other vulnerability models are necessary. These models are employed to assess the level of asset damage and to quantify losses for given hazard intensity measures. In this context, a comprehensive literature review is carried out to shed light on existing fragility models specific to the transmission network, distribution network, and substations. The review is organized into three main sections: damage assessment, fragility curves, and recommendations for climate change adaptation. The first section provides a comprehensive review of past incidents, their causes, and failure modes. The second section reviews analytical and empirical fragility models, emphasizing the need for further research on compound and non-compound hazards, especially windstorms, floods, lightning, and wildfires. Finally, the third section examines risk mitigation and adaptation strategies in the context of climate change. This review aims to improve the understanding of approaches to enhance the resilience of power grid assets in the face of climate change. These insights are valuable to various stakeholders, including risk analysts and policymakers, who are involved in risk modeling and developing adaptation strategies.

Due to climate change the frequency and intensity of extreme rainfall events, which contribute to urban flooding, are expected to increase in many places. These floods can damage transport infrastructure and disrupt mobility, highlighting the need for cities to adapt to escalating risks. Reinforcement learning (RL) serves as a powerful tool for uncovering optimal adaptation strategies, determining how and where to deploy adaptation measures effectively, even under significant uncertainty. In this study, we leverage RL to identify the most effective timing and locations for implementing measures, aiming to reduce both direct and indirect impacts of flooding. Our framework integrates climate change projections of future rainfall events and floods, models city-wide motorized trips, and quantifies direct and indirect impacts on infrastructure and mobility. Preliminary results suggest that our RL-based approach can significantly enhance decision-making by prioritizing interventions in specific urban areas and identifying the optimal periods for their implementation. Our framework is publicly available: \url{https://github.com/MLSM-at-DTU/floods_transport_rl}.

The Working Group I contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provides a comprehensive assessment of the physical science basis of climate change. It considers in situ and remote observations; paleoclimate information; understanding of climate drivers and physical, chemical, and biological processes and feedbacks; global and regional climate modelling; advances in methods of analyses; and insights from climate services. It assesses the current state of the climate; human influence on climate in all regions; future climate change including sea level rise; global warming effects including extremes; climate information for risk assessment and regional adaptation; limiting climate change by reaching net zero carbon dioxide emissions and reducing other greenhouse gas emissions; and benefits for air quality. The report serves policymakers, decision makers, stakeholders, and all interested parties with the latest policy-relevant information on climate change. Available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

The Working Group II contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provides a comprehensive assessment of the scientific literature relevant to climate change impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. The report recognizes the interactions of climate, ecosystems and biodiversity, and human societies, and integrates across the natural, ecological, social and economic sciences. It emphasizes how efforts in adaptation and in reducing greenhouse gas emissions can come together in a process called climate resilient development, which enables a liveable future for biodiversity and humankind. The IPCC is the leading body for assessing climate change science. IPCC reports are produced in comprehensive, objective and transparent ways, ensuring they reflect the full range of views in the scientific literature. Novel elements include focused topical assessments, and an atlas presenting observed climate change impacts and future risks from global to regional scales. Available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

Climate change is a long-lasting change in the weather arrays across tropics to polls. It is a global threat that has embarked on to put stress on various sectors. This study is aimed to conceptually engineer how climate variability is deteriorating the sustainability of diverse sectors worldwide. Specifically, the agricultural sector’s vulnerability is a globally concerning scenario, as sufficient production and food supplies are threatened due to irreversible weather fluctuations. In turn, it is challenging the global feeding patterns, particularly in countries with agriculture as an integral part of their economy and total productivity. Climate change has also put the integrity and survival of many species at stake due to shifts in optimum temperature ranges, thereby accelerating biodiversity loss by progressively changing the ecosystem structures. Climate variations increase the likelihood of particular food and waterborne and vector-borne diseases, and a recent example is a coronavirus pandemic. Climate change also accelerates the enigma of antimicrobial resistance, another threat to human health due to the increasing incidence of resistant pathogenic infections. Besides, the global tourism industry is devastated as climate change impacts unfavorable tourism spots. The methodology investigates hypothetical scenarios of climate variability and attempts to describe the quality of evidence to facilitate readers’ careful, critical engagement. Secondary data is used to identify sustainability issues such as environmental, social, and economic viability. To better understand the problem, gathered the information in this report from various media outlets, research agencies, policy papers, newspapers, and other sources. This review is a sectorial assessment of climate change mitigation and adaptation approaches worldwide in the aforementioned sectors and the associated economic costs. According to the findings, government involvement is necessary for the country’s long-term development through strict accountability of resources and regulations implemented in the past to generate cutting-edge climate policy. Therefore, mitigating the impacts of climate change must be of the utmost importance, and hence, this global threat requires global commitment to address its dreadful implications to ensure global sustenance.

The Synthesis Report (SYR) distils and integrates the findings of the three Working Group contributions to the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the most comprehensive assessment of climate change undertaken thus far by the IPCC: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis; Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability; and Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. The SYR also incorporates the findings of two Special Reports on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (2011) and on Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (2011).