Climate change is a substantial global health threat in the 21st century, disproportionately affecting low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), which face significant climate risks, pre-existing vulnerabilities, and have relatively few interventions in place. With a scarcity of research in LMICs, and diminishing development assistance, setting priorities to address climate change-related health impacts on women and children is both urgent and prudent. We consulted 88 climate and health researchers between 2022 and 2024 to generate relevant questions regarding climate change impacts on women and children's health and potential solutions. A diverse group of 52 experts prioritised a shortlist of 70 questions using the Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative method. The top three priorities included vulnerability mapping, integrating climate metrics into surveillance, and long-term heat exposure effects. This Health Policy underscores key knowledge gaps in climate-related health outcomes affecting women and children in LMICs, and suggests a focused research agenda for guiding global investments in resilience and adaptation.

By integrating climate change concepts and skills in the nursing curriculum, regulatory bodies, faculty development, resources, and models of nursing education in the Philippines, Filipino nurses can emerge as climate-resilient and competent healthcare professionals-capable not only of delivering care but also leading community adaptation, advocating for policy change, and fostering environmental sustainability. This aligns with the global shift toward planetary health, ensuring that nurses in the Philippines remain relevant, competent, and prepared to act in a changing climate. Given their significant presence in domestic and international healthcare systems, they can become global leaders in climate and health advocacy. By doing so, Filipino nurses not only protect their communities but also make meaningful contributions to global health resilience. Moving forward, Filipino nurses and nursing educators may need additional focus on vulnerable populations, including LGBTQ + individuals, indigenous people, women, and those with disadvantaged socioeconomic backgrounds. Likewise, they can investigate the factors influencing health outcomes related to climate change. They can also develop culturally appropriate interventions to improve the health outcomes amidst climate-related events.

Phenotypic plasticity provides organisms with immediate resilience to environmental variability, yet its evolutionary trajectories and long-term role in adaptation under climate change remain unresolved. The invasive ascidian Herdmania momus, originating from the Red Sea and expanding into the rapidly warming and environmentally variable Mediterranean Sea, provides an ideal natural model for examining how gene expression plasticity evolves under accelerating climate change. By comparing gene expression plasticity of H. momus derived from native and invasive populations under temperature stress, we investigated the evolutionary trajectories of gene expression plasticity during the early stages of biological invasion. Our results reveal widespread transcriptional shifts and pronounced regional differences in plastic responses, indicating that gene expression plasticity can evolve rapidly following recent colonisation. Invasive Mediterranean populations exhibited reduced plasticity under both heat and cold stress. Genes associated with energy metabolism displayed consistent upregulation in both native and invasive ranges, underscoring their conserved role in thermal adaptation. Reaction norm analyses revealed that front-loading, characterised by elevated baseline expression but reduced plasticity, was the predominant pattern in Mediterranean populations, followed by high plasticity, dampening and amplifying responses. Notably, front-loading was enriched in genes involved in cellular stress responses, Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein (SREBP) signalling and protein ubiquitination, suggesting that the evolution of plasticity should be function-dependent during rapid colonisation of changing climates. These findings shed light on the role of phenotypic plasticity in shaping adaptive evolution during biological invasions and in the broader context of climate change.

is an ecologically and economically important tree species native to the Sahel region of West Africa, facing severe threats due to overexploitation, habitat degradation, and climate change. This study assesses the impact of key climatic variables on the species' current distribution and projects potential range shifts across Africa under mid-21st century climate scenarios. Using an ensemble modeling approach that combines various algorithms and utilizes 37 comprehensive climatic variables, the analysis revealed significant patterns of highly suitable habitat, concentrated primarily in West Africa. Projections under low and medium emission scenarios for 2040-2060 and 2080-2100 periods predict a reduction in climatically unsuitable areas and a potential expansion of suitable habitats, suggesting that the species may be somewhat resilient to medium-term climate changes. The primary climatic factors limiting the species' distribution were identified as the Mean Temperature of the Driest Quarter and the Climatic Moisture Index. These results underscore the species' ecophysiological dependence on specific temperature and moisture regimes. Crucially, while our projections suggest the species exhibits resilience and potential habitat expansion under medium-term climate change, its realization is contingent upon mitigating persistent anthropogenic pressures. Therefore, to ensure the species' long-term persistence and maintain the ecological integrity of the West African Savanna Biome, conservation strategies must prioritize aggressive, in situ actions focused on sustainable management, controlled harvesting, and the protection of current and future suitable habitats, rather than focusing solely on long-term climate change adaptation measures.

The resilience of electric power grids is threatened by natural hazards. Climate-related hazards are becoming more frequent and intense due to climate change. Statistical analyses clearly demonstrate a rise in the number of incidents (power failures) and their consequences in recent years. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to understand and quantify the resilience of the infrastructure to external stressors, which is essential for developing efficient climate change adaptation strategies. To accomplish this, robust fragility and other vulnerability models are necessary. These models are employed to assess the level of asset damage and to quantify losses for given hazard intensity measures. In this context, a comprehensive literature review is carried out to shed light on existing fragility models specific to the transmission network, distribution network, and substations. The review is organized into three main sections: damage assessment, fragility curves, and recommendations for climate change adaptation. The first section provides a comprehensive review of past incidents, their causes, and failure modes. The second section reviews analytical and empirical fragility models, emphasizing the need for further research on compound and non-compound hazards, especially windstorms, floods, lightning, and wildfires. Finally, the third section examines risk mitigation and adaptation strategies in the context of climate change. This review aims to improve the understanding of approaches to enhance the resilience of power grid assets in the face of climate change. These insights are valuable to various stakeholders, including risk analysts and policymakers, who are involved in risk modeling and developing adaptation strategies.

The Working Group I contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provides a comprehensive assessment of the physical science basis of climate change. It considers in situ and remote observations; paleoclimate information; understanding of climate drivers and physical, chemical, and biological processes and feedbacks; global and regional climate modelling; advances in methods of analyses; and insights from climate services. It assesses the current state of the climate; human influence on climate in all regions; future climate change including sea level rise; global warming effects including extremes; climate information for risk assessment and regional adaptation; limiting climate change by reaching net zero carbon dioxide emissions and reducing other greenhouse gas emissions; and benefits for air quality. The report serves policymakers, decision makers, stakeholders, and all interested parties with the latest policy-relevant information on climate change. Available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

The Working Group II contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provides a comprehensive assessment of the scientific literature relevant to climate change impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. The report recognizes the interactions of climate, ecosystems and biodiversity, and human societies, and integrates across the natural, ecological, social and economic sciences. It emphasizes how efforts in adaptation and in reducing greenhouse gas emissions can come together in a process called climate resilient development, which enables a liveable future for biodiversity and humankind. The IPCC is the leading body for assessing climate change science. IPCC reports are produced in comprehensive, objective and transparent ways, ensuring they reflect the full range of views in the scientific literature. Novel elements include focused topical assessments, and an atlas presenting observed climate change impacts and future risks from global to regional scales. Available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

<p>This chapter provides an overview of the interplay of environmental hazards and climate change. It focuses on the relationship between environmental hazards, natural disasters, and anthropogenic climate change. The nature and causes of the increased occurrence and intensity of environmental hazards provide further understanding for developing effective adaptation strategies. The chapter also considers how communities can respond to the increased frequency and intensity of extreme events across a range of different areas. Moreover, adaptation to the effects of climate change on the occurrence and intensity of environmental hazards requires detailed knowledge of the underlying processes responsible for their occurrence.</p>

Climate change is a long-lasting change in the weather arrays across tropics to polls. It is a global threat that has embarked on to put stress on various sectors. This study is aimed to conceptually engineer how climate variability is deteriorating the sustainability of diverse sectors worldwide. Specifically, the agricultural sector’s vulnerability is a globally concerning scenario, as sufficient production and food supplies are threatened due to irreversible weather fluctuations. In turn, it is challenging the global feeding patterns, particularly in countries with agriculture as an integral part of their economy and total productivity. Climate change has also put the integrity and survival of many species at stake due to shifts in optimum temperature ranges, thereby accelerating biodiversity loss by progressively changing the ecosystem structures. Climate variations increase the likelihood of particular food and waterborne and vector-borne diseases, and a recent example is a coronavirus pandemic. Climate change also accelerates the enigma of antimicrobial resistance, another threat to human health due to the increasing incidence of resistant pathogenic infections. Besides, the global tourism industry is devastated as climate change impacts unfavorable tourism spots. The methodology investigates hypothetical scenarios of climate variability and attempts to describe the quality of evidence to facilitate readers’ careful, critical engagement. Secondary data is used to identify sustainability issues such as environmental, social, and economic viability. To better understand the problem, gathered the information in this report from various media outlets, research agencies, policy papers, newspapers, and other sources. This review is a sectorial assessment of climate change mitigation and adaptation approaches worldwide in the aforementioned sectors and the associated economic costs. According to the findings, government involvement is necessary for the country’s long-term development through strict accountability of resources and regulations implemented in the past to generate cutting-edge climate policy. Therefore, mitigating the impacts of climate change must be of the utmost importance, and hence, this global threat requires global commitment to address its dreadful implications to ensure global sustenance.

The Synthesis Report (SYR) distils and integrates the findings of the three Working Group contributions to the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the most comprehensive assessment of climate change undertaken thus far by the IPCC: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis; Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability; and Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. The SYR also incorporates the findings of two Special Reports on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (2011) and on Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (2011).