Multiple psychological factors, from fear to hope, play a role in actions addressing climate change. However, an understanding of how these factors interact to shape such behaviors remains limited. This gap holds significant implications for advancing both research and climate practice. The present study aims to contribute to the overall effectiveness of climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts by providing an understanding of the factors influencing individuals' intentions to act against climate change, and casting light upon a less explored dimension - climate change boredom. Climate change boredom highlights a psychological barrier that can hinder climate action. Intention to act is a key step toward a change in behavior and effective environmental efforts. Therefore, we determined the factors that predicted climate change boredom and investigated the influence of climate change boredom on people's intention to act against climate change. Using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) on data obtained from a survey of a representative sample of Romanian people, the study found that beliefs about climate change, climate change goal commitment, self-efficacy of cooperation, perceived health impacts of climate change, living environment, and age predicted 66.8% of climate change boredom. Results showed that climate change boredom significantly hindered the intention to act against climate change. From a practical perspective, identifying predictors of climate change boredom and intention to act is important in developing strategies, policies, and communication approaches that reinvigorate individuals' and communities' motivations to participate in climate action efforts. Moreover, addressing climate change boredom is essential for ensuring long-term environmental security, as disengagement from climate issues can weaken societal resilience and hinder adaptive strategies in the face of climate threats.

Youth mental health is in crisis. Climate change has the potential to tip more young people into depression and anxiety. Knowing how young people with and without depression symptoms view climate change could guide interventions to mitigate against climate induced mental health issues. We carried out in-depth, semi-structured interviews with ( = 27) young people aged 18-25 (M = 20.3 years). Participants were grouped as healthy controls (C, = 16, < 16 score on Mood and Feelings Questionnaire, MFQ) or had high depression symptoms (HD, = 11, ≥ 27, MFQ). Using thematic analysis, we explored participants views on climate change, climate action, climate messaging, climate agency and mental health. From the interviews, eight key themes emerged: (1) Negative environmental events - Climate change was understood as ranging from weather changes to natural disasters. (2) Mental health impacts - Most participants reported increased anxiety and depression, with the HD group being more pessimistic about climate change prevention. (3) Benefits of action - Focus on individual efforts. (4) Non-disruptive vs. disruptive actions - Preference for non-disruptive solutions. (5) Hope and Fear in climate messaging - balance is needed. (6) Local and global action - Emphasis on combining both approaches. (7) Leadership - Responsibility placed on politicians, institutions, and environmentalists. (8) Shared responsibility - Families, educators, governments, and celebrities all have a role in climate action. These findings offer valuable insights into the perspectives of young people with and without existing symptoms of depression. Notably, identifying differences-such as varying levels of climate pessimism-based on depression status highlights the importance of climate communication strategies that not only effectively address climate change but also safeguard youth mental health. This is important as those with existing depression symptoms may be more vulnerable to the psychological impacts of climate change.

Bangladesh faces frequent climate change-related extreme weather events. This study explores Bangladeshi adolescents' emotional responses to climate change and their perceived impact of climate change on their mental health. The supports they currently use and wish to have for coping with climate change related difficult thoughts and feelings are also explored. Adolescents ( = 200; aged 1-18 years old, mean age 17.2 years, SD=1.17) from two English-speaking schools in Dhaka, Bangladesh completed an anonymous survey. Open and close-ended survey measures assessed multiple climate change emotions, climate change worry, perceived mental health impacts of climate change, and current and desired supports. Descriptive analyses were performed, and qualitative responses were examined through thematic analysis. Following a mixed methods convergent parallel design approach, qualitative and quantitative data were integrated together at interpretation. Participants reported that they experienced a wide range of climate emotions, including concern (85 %), sadness (74 %), anger (63 %), guilt (63 %), and fear (63 %). Additionally, 62 % of participants indicated that they perceive their mental health has been impacted by climate change, either a lot or a little. Open-ended responses revealed that adolescents perceive climate change as impacting their mental health in multiple ways, including through negative emotions, physical symptoms, and reduced motivation. The most commonly used supports were self-education (52 %), school-based programs/clubs (51 %), and conversations with others (45 %). Participants expressed wishing they had more access to community-based programs/clubs (58 %) as well as climate action activities they could do independently (52 %). This exploratory study highlights that Bangladeshi adolescents may be experiencing a range of negative emotions and mental health impacts as a result of climate change. These findings are consistent with studies from other regions. While the sample was limited to students in English-speaking schools, the results can inform climate change risk mitigation and adaptation strategies. Future research should prioritize expanding to other settings in Bangladesh.

The climate crisis is not just an environmental issue; it's a profound public health emergency that is deeply affecting the mental well-being of young people, leading to widespread eco-anxiety. As the future frontline of healthcare, physiotherapy students will inevitably have to manage the health consequences of climate change. Yet, we know surprisingly little about how prepared they are specifically, how their own awareness of the crisis connects with their anxiety about the future. This exploratory study aimed to provide preliminary findings on the relationship between global climate change awareness and future anxiety among physiotherapy students in Turkey. We conducted a cross-sectional study with 394 physiotherapy students (mean age 21.3 ± 3.0; 74.6% female) from the state universities. Using an online survey, we gathered data on their demographic and social characteristics, along with their scores on two validated scales: the Awareness Scale of University Students About Global Climate Change (ASUSGCC) and the Future Anxiety Scale for University Students (FASUS). We analyzed the data using Pearson correlation to examine the relationship between climate change awareness and future anxiety, and univariable linear regression analyses to explore factors associated with climate change awareness. Overall, students reported a moderate level of climate change awareness (ASUSGCC mean: 3.4 ± 0.7) and a notable level of future anxiety (FASUS mean: 61.6 ± 8.6). We found a statistically significant, positive, but weak correlation between total climate awareness and total future anxiety (r = 0.168, p < 0.01). The regression analyses showed that several variables were statistically associated with higher awareness scores, although the explained variance was low. Female gender (β = 0.273, p = 0.001), environmental volunteering (β = 0.180, p = 0.019), and more frequent use of social media for climate-related information (β = 0.167, p = 0.001) were associated with higher climate change awareness. Higher total future anxiety was weakly but statistically significantly associated with higher awareness scores (β = 0.013, p = 0.001). In subscale-level analyses, Future Fear was also weakly associated with awareness (β = 0.009, p = 0.015). Previous environmental training was not significantly associated with climate change awareness (p = 0.466). Among physiotherapy students, climate change awareness was weakly but statistically significantly associated with future anxiety. Environmental volunteering and more frequent exposure to climate-related content on social media were also associated with higher awareness scores, whereas previous environmental training was not significantly associated with awareness. However, given the cross-sectional design and possible self-selection into volunteering, these findings should be interpreted as associations rather than evidence that volunteering increases awareness. Future longitudinal or intervention-based studies are needed to examine whether structured environmental engagement can improve climate literacy in physiotherapy education.

Young people and university students are particularly vulnerable to the mental health effects of climate change due to their prolonged lifetime exposure to, and increased contact with, climate change and related information through learning. Despite this, little research exists on how university students cope with climate change from a psychological perspective. In this large qualitative study, we analysed data from an online survey to investigate how students (N = 823) of a large UK university cope with climate change. This survey covered which climate change situations were triggering for them, preferences for support-seeking, and specific coping strategies. Conceptual content analysis revealed that challenging situations included navigating climate change information, climate justice issues, climatic changes and environmental losses and climate change dismissal. Findings from qualitative framework analysis further showed four ways students coped with these: by reducing the mental load of climate change, doing something constructive, seeking social support and meaning and doomist thinking and behaviour. While many students highlighted the importance of social connections, a small minority considered seeking professional support. These findings partly support and expand on climate change-related coping literature and have implications for how higher education settings communicate about and act on climate change.

Rising vulnerability to heat waves and infectious diseases due to climate change necessitates urgent action in cities. Effectiveness of urban policies, tactfulness of city planning, infrastructure development and efficiency of urban expansion plans will shape the extent and impact of climate change on a city, and the vulnerability or resilience of citizens residing in it. The limate-elth k nagement project (CHARISMA) focuses on the development of a web-based climate-health information dashboard for 50 cities in India, aiming to aid the formulation of climate adaptation plans for managing health issues exacerbated by climate change. It offers the ability to download and visualize data and maps at city-level on urban climate conditions, including heat vulnerability and vector-borne diseases. The platform integrates simulated climate data for the periods 2011-2020 and 2041-2050, considering various climate change scenarios and accounting for urban growth based on city masterplans. The climate-health information dashboard is conceived as a guiding framework for urban planning to assist Indian cities in devising customized interventions for innovative and integrated climate action planning. This will allow city-planners and health officials to take timely and appropriate decisions in resource-constrained settings. As cities frequently face limitations in technical expertise and capacity building for climate action, it is imperative to support policymakers in comprehending the realm of climate actions. Recognizing this opportunity, CHARISMA was designed to engage in research to guide effective policy by focusing cities as stakeholders in the national climate action agenda.

Despite growing awareness of the health risks associated with climate change, how Nepalese people perceive these threats and their links to diarrheal diseases remains insufficiently understood in Nepal. This study examines and compares knowledge of climate change and diarrheal prevention practices among communities in four districts in Koshi and Karnali provinces. We conducted a cross-sectional study from February 12 to June 28, 2023, surveying 882 households using a structured questionnaire. Data were collected on socio-demographic characteristics, climate change knowledge, perception of climate change and its impact on diarrhea, and practices for diarrhea prevention. Statistical comparisons between Koshi and Karnali provinces were performed to identify potential drivers of differences, and multiple logistic regression analyses were used to examine associations between socio-demographic factors and study outcomes, including climate knowledge and diarrheal prevention practices. Of the 882 participants, 70% were aware of climate change; among them, 66.1% strongly believed climate change increases diarrheal risk, with higher agreement in Koshi (P = 0.029); 60.9% linked rising temperatures to more diarrheal cases (P = 0.046), while only 24% associated it with increased precipitation. Regarding diarrheal prevention, 94.3% reported access to safe drinking water and 84.1% used improved sanitation facilities (P = 0.001). Only 11.3% of participants were vaccinated against rotavirus; 36.6% did not purify their water and 37.2% used cloth-filtered water. Despite access to care, 70.1% delayed treatment for diarrheal illness, varying by province (P < 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, females had significantly higher odds of lacking knowledge of climate change compared with males (AOR: 1.51; 95% CI: 1.14-2.08). A similar pattern was observed among participants engaged in agriculture (AOR: 6.16; 95% CI: 1.42-26.50) and labor occupations (AOR: 9.48; 95% CI: 1.81-49.71), indicating lower knowledge levels in these groups. Residents of the Karnali Province (AOR: 2.59; 95% CI: 1.83-3.66) had higher odds of not immediately visiting a health institution for diarrheal illness, indicating delayed healthcare-seeking behavior. Although two-thirds of participants recognized the impact of climate change on diarrheal disease, our study identified low rotavirus vaccination coverage, suboptimal household water treatment practices, delayed care seeking, and limited recognition of rainfall as a risk factor. These findings highlight the need to strengthen education on climate-related risk factors, promote safe water and sanitation practices, and encourage timely healthcare seeking in the study districts to combat diarrhea in the context of climate change.

Climate change poses escalating threats to health systems, particularly in low-resource settings like Nepal, where extreme weather events and chronic stressors challenge service delivery. Despite Nepal's high vulnerability, little is known about the enablers and barriers that underpin its health system's resilience to climate change. We conducted a qualitative study using semi-structured interviews with 26 key informants across Nepal's health system, including government officials, researchers, provincial workers and non-governmental organization (NGO) representatives. The World Health Organization Operational Framework for Building Climate-Resilient and Low-Carbon Health Systems guided thematic analysis to identify "enablers" - that is, facilitating factors - and barriers. Barriers significantly outweighed enablers. Enablers were sparse and largely not climate-specific. Notable climate-specific enablers included improved early warning systems and a Ministry of Health climate change focal point. Barriers included policymakers' limited climate literacy and prioritization; poor policy implementation; lack of managerial capacity and climate-health expertise; and inadequate infrastructure. Most enablers and barriers originated at governmental and health system levels. This study offers rare, empirically grounded insights into the factors that shape climate resilience of health systems in low-income settings such as Nepal, where climate change amplifies entrenched leadership, governance and capacity deficits. Strengthening everyday resilience, political will to tackle climate change and health challenges, and embedding climate considerations into health policy, workforce and infrastructure are critical. These are constructive insights not only for the federalizing Nepal health system but for global health systems confronting the dual challenges of climate change and systemic fragility, underscoring the urgent need for strong, clear leadership and governance.

Although planning and policy instruments are important for climate change adaptation, the implementation of these measures is critical for success. This paper studies different climate change adaptation strategies by analysing the measures adopted by stakeholders in charge of government policy development and implementation to minimise the impacts of climate change in the northern tropical region of Queensland, Australia. Local government organisations are responsible for taking a leading role in climate change adaptation. State and commonwealth government agencies are primarily responsible for developing climate transition policies and guidelines, as well as providing limited financial aid to help support the local government. Interviews were conducted with local government practitioners identified from different local government authorities in the study region. Although all the government bodies made some progress in developing better climate change adaptation policies, the interview participants identified that a lot more needs to be done, especially in implementation, including devising and the application of relevant action plans, economic assessments, stakeholder participations and engagement. From a local government practitioners' viewpoint, both the water sector and local economy will face the highest immediate impacts if climate change adaptation actions are not adequately implemented at local government level in the study region. There are currently no notable legal bindings to address climate change risks in the region. In addition, financial liability assessments due to climate risks and cost-share mechanisms among different levels of stakeholders and government authorities to face and prepare for climate change impacts hardly exist. Although the interview respondents recognise their high importance. As there are uncertainties in the achievements of climate change adaptation plans, from a local government practitioners' standpoint, the local authorities should take appropriate actions to integrate adaptation and mitigation works to face and prepare for climate risks rather than focusing only on adaptation. The respondents informed that some work has been done to identify flood prone areas and a few policy documents exist that accommodate sea level rise in planning practice, but these are done in fragments with no holistic implementation, monitoring or evaluation plans put in place.

The Working Group I contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provides a comprehensive assessment of the physical science basis of climate change. It considers in situ and remote observations; paleoclimate information; understanding of climate drivers and physical, chemical, and biological processes and feedbacks; global and regional climate modelling; advances in methods of analyses; and insights from climate services. It assesses the current state of the climate; human influence on climate in all regions; future climate change including sea level rise; global warming effects including extremes; climate information for risk assessment and regional adaptation; limiting climate change by reaching net zero carbon dioxide emissions and reducing other greenhouse gas emissions; and benefits for air quality. The report serves policymakers, decision makers, stakeholders, and all interested parties with the latest policy-relevant information on climate change. Available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.