In this study, we compared the in-site ground-based climate variables (1982-2016) with a multiyear normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) dataset to characterize climate change and vegetation-climate interactions at Ergune, Inner Mongolia, China, using the time series analysis, the correlation analysis and the principal component analysis (PCA). To reveal the time lag effects in climate-vegetation relationship, vector auto regression (VAR) model was constructed and the impulse-response analysis, the causality analysis were conducted. We found that the regional climate change over the past decades could be summarized as climate warming and drying. And the regional climate warming was mostly contributed by summer warming, rather than the widely reported winter warming in the north hemisphere. Climate variables were highly correlated. The PCA analysis revealed that the 1st principal component represented the temperature related variables, and the 2nd principal component represented the humidity related variables. At seasonal scale, however, the humidity and temperature was the 1st principal component for summer and winter respectively. VAR analysis revealed that, the precipitation has higher impact on NDVI than the temperature. The feedback of NDVI to humidity was significant, but feedback of NDVI to Temperature was non-significant. VAR model had better performance in prediction of NDVI than the multi-linear regression approach. This study investigated the climate-vegetation relationship with full considerations on the co-linearity and the time lag effect in climate system. The cause-effect in climate-vegetation relationship indicated the feedback of NDVI to climate variability and the ecological function of vegetation in mitigating and regulating the regional climate.

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a nurse-led educational program designed to improve nurse managers' awareness, knowledge, and attitudes regarding climate change and its health impacts. Climate change is one of the most urgent global public health challenges, jeopardizing key determinants of health such as air quality, access to safe drinking water, food security, and adequate housing. As frontline healthcare providers, nurses are uniquely positioned to identify environmental health risks and promote climate-resilient healthcare practices. Despite this critical role, evidence suggests that nurses' awareness and preparedness for climate-related health threats are insufficient. Therefore, strengthening climate literacy among nurse leaders is essential to enhance adaptation capacity in health systems. This study used a pretest-posttest experimental design with hospital-level randomization and included 108 nurse managers working in two public hospitals in Istanbul. Participants were randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. The study was conducted between March and June 2025, with data collection carried out between April and May 2025. Data were collected using a Descriptive Information Form and the Climate Change Awareness Scale (CCAS). The intervention group received 90 min of face-to-face training, including theoretical content, case-based learning, and interactive assessment, whereas the control group received a 90-min lecture after data collection on climate change and its health impacts, followed by a brief question-and-answer session. Measurements were taken at baseline, immediately after the intervention, and 1 month later. Data were analyzed using Friedman and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. The intervention group demonstrated significant improvements in total and subscale CCAS scores at the postintervention time point compared with baseline and the control group (p < 0.05). Although a slight decrease was observed at the 1-month follow-up, scores remained higher than pretest levels. In the control group, although small differences were observed in certain subscales in the between-group comparisons, no statistically significant within-group changes were observed between the pretest, posttest, and follow-up scores. The findings suggest that structured and nurse-led climate training for nurse managers has the potential to strengthen climate-related awareness and preparedness capacity. Even short-term training increases nurse managers' awareness of climate change and health. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT06905548.

Social health-our ability to access and maintain meaningful human relationships-is recognized as a critical determinant of population health and climate change resilience, yet it is poorly integrated into climate change policy and research. This narrative Review synthesizes interdisciplinary evidence of the bidirectional and nuanced relationship between climate change and social health: climate change disrupts key social conditions (including housing stability and community cohesion), while widespread social disconnection limits our collective capacity to address the climate crisis. We unpack how social health can function as both a climate vulnerability and a lever for climate action. We present a new conceptual framework, describing the pathways through which social health and climate outcomes interact. Finally, we highlight existing evidence gaps and opportunities for public policy development and call for climate and health governance to centre social health as a key pillar of resilience in a changing world.

The direct and indirect health consequences of climate change are increasingly becoming evident. To address the critical public health challenges posed by climate change, medical and health professions students need to be equipped with relevant skills, and institutions are adopting initiatives to integrate climate education. This narrative review aimed to explore implemented interventions for incorporating climate change and health education into medical and health professions training. Peer reviewed publications describing climate health interventions, were identified through database and supplementary searches. Data was synthesized narratively, focusing on pedagogical approaches, delivery and innovations. Forty-one publications between 2020 and 2025 were reviewed. Six major themes emerged: integration into core curricula, flexible entry points (electives, workshops, and conferences), experiential and field based learning, advocacy and leadership training, faculty capacity building, and scalable and transferable models. Climate change and health education is being delivered in multiple formats, often combining didactic teaching with experiential activities. Scalable and transferable educational resources, learning models, and curricular integration strategies were identified. Student-led advocacy, institutional support and partnerships were drivers, while challenges include time, expertise and resource constraints. This review reflects gaining momentum in climate change and health education across medical and health professions training, particularly in recent years. The identified themes provide potential action pathways for integrating climate-health interventions.

<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction</jats:title><jats:p>Adaptation to climate change (ACC) is imperative to avoid deleterious consequences of climate change in agriculture. However, the uptake of adaptation measures has been slow among farmers because of low adaptive capacity (AC) in developing countries, particularly in Pakistan. Farmers and their supporting institutions have been successful in introducing technological innovations to respond and adapt to environmental challenges. The present study intended to determine the impact of farming technologies, along with human, financial, social, physical, natural, and climate information resources that support AC and hence ACC.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>The study collected data from 360 farmers in Punjab through a multi-stage random sampling technique. A binary logit model and odds ratio were used to identify the factors affecting ACC. The study also utilized correlation tests to show the correlation between each pair of variables included in the analysis.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>The results indicated that physical capital such as ownership of tube wells, transportation, and sowing and harvesting tools by the farmers builds farmers’ AC and consequently determines the ACC such as change crop variety (CCV), change crop type (CCT), change planting date (CPD), soil conservation (SC), water conservation (WC), and diversification strategies (DSs). The findings also revealed that human capital (age, education, family size, and labor), financial capital (off-farm employment, access to the marketing of produce, and agricultural credit), social capital (farmers-to-farmers extensions, access to extension services, and the farm association membership), and natural capital (land ownership, tenancy status, and the location of the farm) were importantly related to farm households’ ACC strategies. The odds (likelihood) of adaptation were higher for the users of farm technology as compared to non-users.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion</jats:title><jats:p>The analysis conducted in this study showed that climate information resources amplify the adaptation to climate change: technology allows farming to be much more efficient, while climate change knowledge (CCK) self-motivates farmers to adopt more ACC measures. Our findings provide evidence that suggests the need to provide credits and financial support for farming technologies that speed up the ACC in the long run, while in the short run, climate information should be spread among farming communities.</jats:p></jats:sec>

Climate change adaptation is a critical response to the challenges posed by climate change and is important for building resilience. Progress in adaptation efforts has been made globally, nationally, and locally through international agreements, national plans, and community-based initiatives. However, significant gaps exist in knowledge, capacity, and finance. The Adaptation Gap Report 2023, published by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), examines the status of climate change adaptation efforts globally. The report highlights the widening adaptation finance gap and the deepening climate crisis. We analyse the key themes of the report and incorporate an analysis of the wider literature and insights from COP28 to substantiate key points and identify gaps where more work is needed to develop an understanding of climate change adaptation. This paper focuses on the underfinanced and underprepared state of global climate change adaptation efforts, the widening adaptation finance gap, slow progress in adaptation, gender equality and social inclusion issues, and challenges in addressing loss and damage. We provide a way forward for climate change adaptation and offer recommendations for future actions.

The Working Group I contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provides a comprehensive assessment of the physical science basis of climate change. It considers in situ and remote observations; paleoclimate information; understanding of climate drivers and physical, chemical, and biological processes and feedbacks; global and regional climate modelling; advances in methods of analyses; and insights from climate services. It assesses the current state of the climate; human influence on climate in all regions; future climate change including sea level rise; global warming effects including extremes; climate information for risk assessment and regional adaptation; limiting climate change by reaching net zero carbon dioxide emissions and reducing other greenhouse gas emissions; and benefits for air quality. The report serves policymakers, decision makers, stakeholders, and all interested parties with the latest policy-relevant information on climate change. Available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

Climate change is a long-lasting change in the weather arrays across tropics to polls. It is a global threat that has embarked on to put stress on various sectors. This study is aimed to conceptually engineer how climate variability is deteriorating the sustainability of diverse sectors worldwide. Specifically, the agricultural sector’s vulnerability is a globally concerning scenario, as sufficient production and food supplies are threatened due to irreversible weather fluctuations. In turn, it is challenging the global feeding patterns, particularly in countries with agriculture as an integral part of their economy and total productivity. Climate change has also put the integrity and survival of many species at stake due to shifts in optimum temperature ranges, thereby accelerating biodiversity loss by progressively changing the ecosystem structures. Climate variations increase the likelihood of particular food and waterborne and vector-borne diseases, and a recent example is a coronavirus pandemic. Climate change also accelerates the enigma of antimicrobial resistance, another threat to human health due to the increasing incidence of resistant pathogenic infections. Besides, the global tourism industry is devastated as climate change impacts unfavorable tourism spots. The methodology investigates hypothetical scenarios of climate variability and attempts to describe the quality of evidence to facilitate readers’ careful, critical engagement. Secondary data is used to identify sustainability issues such as environmental, social, and economic viability. To better understand the problem, gathered the information in this report from various media outlets, research agencies, policy papers, newspapers, and other sources. This review is a sectorial assessment of climate change mitigation and adaptation approaches worldwide in the aforementioned sectors and the associated economic costs. According to the findings, government involvement is necessary for the country’s long-term development through strict accountability of resources and regulations implemented in the past to generate cutting-edge climate policy. Therefore, mitigating the impacts of climate change must be of the utmost importance, and hence, this global threat requires global commitment to address its dreadful implications to ensure global sustenance.

The Synthesis Report (SYR) distils and integrates the findings of the three Working Group contributions to the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the most comprehensive assessment of climate change undertaken thus far by the IPCC: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis; Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability; and Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. The SYR also incorporates the findings of two Special Reports on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (2011) and on Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (2011).

Foreword Preface Summary for Policymakers Technical Summary 1. Historical Overview of Climate Changes Science 2. Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and Radiative Forcing 3. Observations: Atmosphic Surface and Climate Change 4. Observations: Changes in Snow, Ice and Frozen Ground 5. Observations: Ocean Climate Change and Sea Level 6. Palaeoclimate 7. Coupling Between Changes in the Climate System and Biogeochemistry 8. Climate Models and their Evaluation 9. Understanding and Attributing Climate Change 10. Global Climate Projections 11. Regional Climate Projections Annex I: Glossary Annex II: Contributors to the IPCC WGI Fourth Assessment Report Annex III: Reviewers of the IPCC WGI Fourth Assessment Report Annex IV: Acronyms Index.